About
What is Posthumanism?
Our Questions
About
We stand today at the threshold of a crisis and a reimagination of ourselves. Time and space, considered stable transcendental conditions of human experience, have exploded into a non-local virtual ontology. Technology’s fusion with the human body is pushing the line from prosthetics to artificially engineered life-forms. Androids, robots and a host of other quasi-humans are introducing a new layer of class or caste to existing stratified hierarchies. Instead of the privileged self-portrait of the human as the inheritor of the earth, what mocks them in the mirror is the image of a creature sawing the branch on which it sits. We find ourselves in the thick of a global climate crisis that scrambles and disrupts our geological foundations, unleashing frequent mass-scale life-threatening events. The tight co-dependence of global psychosystems and ecosystems are forcing a transversal splicing of life-elements leading to unprecedented hybridities, such as our present protracted pandemic. These conditions open new possibilities and force us to rethink our future. Such a rethinking cannot be a set of surface patches to help us return to our comfortable human business as usual, it needs to address the unprecedented nature of our historical location, and our philosophical, psychological, political, cultural and technological norms of human existence.
Our contemporary global condition has its roots in the European Renaissance and the Enlightenment. At its heart is humanism, the projection and establishment of a normative human identity bound to a history of rational organization and racist, ethnocentric and androcentric privilege. Progressing through a succession of overlapping periods it has brought us to our global postmodern and postcolonial present, when our footprint is no longer cultural but geological and humanism faces a categoric crisis at the brink of obsolescence. Life and death, the human and the non-human and the anthropological and the ecological can no longer be maintained as protracted and separable categories amidst the appearance of the world as an assemblage of beings and things.
This situation has led to the rise of posthumanism as an inquiry into our contemporary condition. India occupies a complex location in this period of crisis and transition. It is a relatively new modern nation, hardly seventy years old, still sorting out the legacies of colonialism and the variant trajectories of its nationalism as its responses to modernity and humanism. Recently colonized, it lives still in the shadow of a “not quite/not white” cultural and economic subordination. At the same time, Indians occupy some of the most influential and powerful seats in the global corporate world, particularly in technological innovation which is driving our times. The imperatives of neo-liberal development have largely been uncritically accepted at the national and institutional levels, irrespective of sectarian differences, leading to technological overdetermination of all its disciplines. On the other hand, India is among the world’s most ancient living civilizations, with a variety of internal understandings and norms of being human, and a variety of relations between them, including power hierarchies. They also include a variety of understandings of the relations of humans with their others. India also has long traditions of philosophical thought and systems of praxis that may be called posthuman in an existential sense. By this is meant a definition of the human that is not static but intrinsically transitory and open to practices of self-mutation.
India also is a region with a rich biodiversity. Posthumanism in its critique of anthropocentrism addresses geosubsistence and biodiversity as part of its deep relationality and expanded identity. The effect of laws, as well as the efforts of GMP and non GMOs movements on Indian soil and nature is part of its intimate consideration.
The Indian Posthumanism Network is a site for scholars and students interested in Posthumanism as it pertains to India. It is an opportunity for scholars to share their interests and ideas and work together to ask questions and find solutions related to the foundational assumptions of “being human” in the contemporary Indian context. The network will conduct events related to Posthumanism in India, including at least one annual symposium. It will also maintain book, article and media resources, a blog and an annual electronic journal.
What is Posthumanism?
According to philosopher Francesca Ferrando, founder-member of the Global Posthumanism Network and the Indian Posthumanism Network, Posthumanism or post-humanism (meaning “after humanism” or “beyond humanism”) is a term with at least seven definitions:
- Antihumanism: any theory that is critical of traditional humanism and traditional ideas about humanity and the human condition.
- Cultural posthumanism: a branch of cultural theory critical of the foundational assumptions of humanism and its legacy that examines and questions the historical notions of “human” and “human nature”, often challenging typical notions of human subjectivity and embodiment and strives to move beyond archaic concepts of “human nature” to develop ones which constantly adapt to contemporary technoscientific knowledge.
- Philosophical posthumanism: a philosophical direction which draws on cultural posthumanism, the philosophical strand examines the ethical implications of expanding the circle of moral concern and extending subjectivities beyond the human species.
- Critical posthumanism: the deconstruction of the human condition by critical theorists.
- Posthuman transhumanism: a transhuman ideology and movement which seeks to develop and make available technologies that eliminate aging, enable immortality and greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities, in order to achieve a “posthuman future”.
- AI takeover: A variant of transhumanism in which humans will not be enhanced, but rather eventually replaced by artificial intelligences. Some philosophers, including Nick Land, promote the view that humans should embrace and accept their eventual demise. This is related to the view of “cosmism”, which supports the building of strong artificial intelligence even if it may entail the end of humanity, as in their view it “would be a cosmic tragedy if humanity freezes evolution at the puny human level”.
- Voluntary Human Extinction, which seeks a “posthuman future” that in this case is a future without humans.
Our Questions
Questions asked by the Indian Posthumanism Network
- Is the human a definable essence or is it a “transient species?”
- Are there definable boundaries between the human and the animal? the human and the plant? the human and the non-living earth? the human and the machine? the human and God?
- Or does the human include these categories? Or is the human in a mutating relationship with these categories?
- Are there categoric assumptions in modernity which make the rational human more human than the emotional or imaginative or divine human?
- Are there categoric assumptions in modernity which make the adult male more human than the female, the transgender or the child?
- Are there categoric assumptions in modernity which make the white “civilized” man more human than non-western and/or premodern humans?
- Are there categoric assumptions in modernity which make the technologically advanced human more human than the pre or primitive technological human?
- Are such categoric assumptions coded into our unwritten social behaviors? How do we behave towards the “lesser than human” of the above pairs?
- Are such categoric assumptions coded into our written constitution and legal structures?
- Is there one standard definition of the human or many cultural and individual understandings of the human?
- If the human is a transient species, what is the posthuman? Is there one answer or necessarily plural answers? with a vanishing point or with no convergence?
- If the human is a transient species what is the Indian imagination of the posthuman? Is there one answer or necessarily plural answers?
- What are some of these plural answers?
- What are the social conditions, ethics and politics of living in a posthuman world in which we accept plural transient destinations of the human?